TENSES
Present tense expresses a general truth, habitual action and talks about something existing at the time of speaking.
| Example | Meaning |
| The Earth is round | A fact. The truth |
| Every morning, I brush my teeth. | Recurring action / Habitual action |
| I hear the train coming. | Happens at that particular time frame. |
SIMPLE PRESENT
The simple present tense is formed in this manner:
Subject + main verb ( with or without “-s” depending on the subject)
Subject + auxillary verb do + main verb (base form)
Sentence forms
|
subjects
|
Auxillary verb do
|
Main verbs
(base form)
|
||
affirmative
|
I, you, we, they
|
drink
|
milk
|
||
He , she, it
|
drinks
|
milk
|
|||
negative
|
I, you, we, they
|
do
|
not
|
drink
|
milk
|
He , she,
it
|
does
|
not
|
drink
|
milk
|
|
question
|
Do I / you / we / they
|
drink
|
milk?
|
||
Does he / she / it
|
drink
|
milk?
|
|||
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
The structure of the present continuous is:
Subject + auxillary verb be + main verb (base form + ing / present participle)
Sentence forms
|
subjects
|
Auxillary verb
|
Main verbs
(base form + ing)
|
||
affirmative
|
I
|
am
|
kicking
|
the ball
|
|
affirmative
|
You
|
are
|
eating
|
this burger
|
|
negative
|
He
|
is
|
not
|
sleeping
|
here
|
negative
|
They
|
are
|
not
|
watching
|
the movie
|
question
|
Is she
|
knitting
|
in her room?
|
||
Are we
|
travelling
|
by train?
|
|||
The present continuous form is used when we see the events as happening within a limited period of time. The use of this form gives us some ideas of the duration and here time is an important factor.
PRESENT PERFECT
The structure of the present perfect is: Subject + auxillary verb have + main verb (past participle form)
Sentence forms
|
subjects
|
Auxillary verb have
|
Main verbs (past participle form
|
||
affirmative
|
I
|
have
|
taken
|
my breakfast
|
|
affirmative
|
You
|
have
|
broken
|
my favourite vase
|
|
negative
|
She
|
has
|
not
|
seen
|
the baby
|
negative
|
We
|
have
|
not
|
been
|
to Japan
|
question
|
Have you
|
completed
|
your work?
|
||
Have they
|
mopped
|
the floor?
|
|||
The present perfect form is used when we want to mention something that happened in the past but the specific time is not stated
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
The structure of the present perfect continuous is:
Subject + auxillary verb have + auxillary verb be + main verb (base form + ing)
(present form – have/has) + (been) + present participle
Sentence forms
|
subjects
|
Auxillary verb have
|
Auxillary verb be
|
Main verbs (base form + ing / present participle
|
||
affirmative
|
I, You
|
have
|
been
|
studying
|
for two hours
|
|
affirmative
|
He, she
|
has
|
been
|
shopping
|
all day
|
|
negative
|
It
|
has
|
not
|
been
|
raining
|
for weeks
|
negative
|
We
|
have
|
not
|
been
|
jogging
|
around the neighbourhood
|
question
|
Have you / they
|
been
|
spying
|
behind my back ?
|
||
question
|
Has she
|
been
|
cleaning
|
her room?
|
||
The present perfect form is used when we want to mention something that happened in the past but the specific time is not stated.
A : Complete the sentences with DO,DOES, IS or ARE. Put a (-) in the blank wherever not needed .
1. Jack __________ not work at his father’s office.
2. Kate ___________sells flowers at a stall.
3. ________ you plan to get a job, too?
4. ________ a lizard a reptile?
5. A mosquito ___________ flying around Sam’s head.
6. Denise and Scott usually __________work together on small construction jobs.
7. __________ mosquito repellent work?
8. Almost all reptiles __________ lay eggs.
9. Look outside!. It _________ raining. I’m feeling cold.
10. They _______ late for class because of the rain.
2. PAST TENSE
Past tense expresses an action or situation that begins and completes at a particular time in the past. Most past tense verbs end in –ed. The irregular verbs have special past tense forms which must be memorized.
| Example | Form |
| The students arrived in class before the teacher | Regular –ed past form |
| Shiela went to the hospital yesterday morning. | Irregular form |
SIMPLE PAST
The simple past tense is formed in this manner:
Subject + main verb ( past form) OR
Subject + auxillary verb do + main verb (base form)
Sentence forms
|
subjects
|
Auxillary verb do
|
Main verbs
(base form)
|
||
affirmative
|
I, You, We, They
|
walked
|
to work.
|
||
He , She, It
|
enjoyed
|
Swimming.
|
|||
negative
|
I, You, We, They
|
did
|
not
|
eat
|
anything.
|
He , she, It
|
did
|
not
|
break
|
the glass.
|
|
question
|
Did I / you / we / they
|
drink
|
the juice?
|
||
Did he / she / it
|
kick
|
The ball?
|
|||
Base form and past forms for regular and irregular verbs
V1
base forms
|
V2
Past forms
|
V3
Past participle forms
|
||
Regular verbs
|
wait
jump
dance
trick
annoy
|
waited
jumped
danced
tricked
annoyed
|
waited
jumped
danced
tricked
annoyed
|
The past form for all regular verbs ends in
-ed
|
Irregular verbs
|
go
eat
break
cut
beat
|
went
ate
broke
cut
beat
|
gone
eaten
broken
cut
beaten
|
The past form for irregular verbs is variable. You need to learn it by heart.
|
PAST CONTINUOUS
The structure of past continuous tense is
Subject + auxillary verb be (was/were) + main verb (base form + ing / present participle)
Sentence forms
|
subjects
|
Auxillary verb
|
Main verbs
(base form + ing)
|
||
affirmative
|
I
|
was
|
washing
|
the car.
|
|
affirmative
|
You
|
were
|
hitting
|
the cat.
|
|
negative
|
He
|
was
|
not
|
singing
|
on the stage.
|
negative
|
They
|
were
|
not
|
jogging
|
In the park.
|
question
|
Was she
|
mopping
|
the floor?
|
||
Were we
|
repairing
|
the machine?
|
|||
The present continuous form is used when we talk about continued states or repeated actions which happened over a period of time in the past.
PAST PERFECT
The structure of the present perfect is:
Subject + auxillary verb have (had) + main verb (past participle form)
Sentence forms
|
subjects
|
Auxillary verb have
|
Main verbs (past participle form
|
||
affirmative
|
I
|
had
|
swept
|
the floor.
|
|
affirmative
|
You
|
had
|
stolen
|
my money.
|
|
negative
|
She
|
had
|
not
|
fed
|
her pets.
|
negative
|
We
|
had
|
not
|
visited
|
Osaka.
|
question
|
Had you
|
bought
|
the book?
|
||
Had they
|
prepared
|
all the food?
|
|||
The present perfect form is used when we want to refer to events or states that occurred at a time before a particular time in the past.
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
The structure of the past perfect continuous is:
Subject + auxillary verb have + auxillary verb be + main verb (base form + ing)
(past form – had) + (been) + present participle
Sentence forms
|
subjects
|
Auxillary verb have
|
Auxillary verb be
|
Main verbs (base form + ing / present participle
|
||
affirmative
|
I, You
|
had
|
been
|
sleeping
|
for a long time.
|
|
affirmative
|
He, she
|
had
|
been
|
working
|
all day.
|
|
negative
|
It
|
had
|
not
|
been
|
functioning
|
well.
|
negative
|
We
|
had
|
not
|
been
|
playing
|
squash.
|
question
|
Had you / they
|
been
|
expecting
|
me?
|
||
question
|
Had she
|
been
|
reading ?
|
|||
The past perfect continuous is used when we want to refer to events , habits or states at a time before a particular time in the past and when to stress the duration.
sentence
|
tense
|
subject
|
verb
|
Ali walks to school
|
Present
|
ali
|
walks
|
3. FUTURE TENSE
-Future tense expresses an action or situation that will occur in the future. This tense is formed by adding will/shall with the basic form of the verb.
e.g The Prime Minister of Malaysia will speak at the opening ceremony tomorrow.
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